Author/Authors :
Kelishadi، Roya نويسنده , , Heshmat، Ramin نويسنده , , Shahsanai، Armindokht نويسنده Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran , , Djalalinia، Shirin نويسنده , , Motlagh، Mohammad?Esmaeil نويسنده , , KEIKHA ، Mojtaba نويسنده Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran , , Ardalan، Gelayol نويسنده , , Najafi، Fereshteh نويسنده Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran , , Khoramdad، Maliheh نويسنده Noncommunicable Diseases Unit of Health Deputy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran , , Asayesh، Hamid نويسنده . Instructor of Paramedical School , , Qorbani، Mostafa نويسنده Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, ,
Abstract :
The consumption of tobacco through a hookah is growing in popularity, especially among children and adolescents, but little is known about the determinants of hookah smoking. The current study aimed to assess the determinants of tobacco smoking and hookah smoking in a nationally representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents. This study was conducted as part of the fourth cross-sectional survey of a national school-based program. Using a cluster random sampling method, a validated questionnaire was completed anonymously by 14,880 students who were aged 6 - 18 years and living in urban and rural areas of 30 provinces in Iran. The final study group consisted of 13,486 children and adolescents (participation rate of 90.6%), of whom 49.2% were girls and 75.6% were urban residents. The mean age was 12.47 ± 3.36 years. According to the self-reports of the students, 2.6% (3.5% of boys and 1.7% of girls) were current tobacco smokers, 5.9% (7.5% of boys and 4.2% of girls) were ever tobacco smokers, and 1.8% (2.49% of boys and 1.14% of girls) were current hookah smokers. Based on a multiple logistic regression (MLR) model, the following factors increased the risk of current smoking: age, number of days spent with friends per week, hookah smoking or cigarette smoking by the father, hookah smoking by siblings, hookah smoking by other members of the family, and screen time. The age, number of days spent with friends, hookah or cigarette smoking by the father, hookah smoking by siblings, and screen time increased the risk of hookah smoking. Female gender and living in rural areas decreased the risk of current tobacco and hookah smoking. Preventive measures against tobacco use should be underscored for Iranian families. The preparation of strategies on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle should be considered a health priority.
