Non-Union Current Treatment Concept

Context: This article wants to give a current concept for the challenging decision for conservative or operative treatment strategies of non-unions according to the principles of ‘diamond concept’ and aspects that have to be attended. Evidence Acquisition: Between February 2010 and March 2014, 424 patients with non-unions were treated at Heidelberg university hospital. This database has been analyzed at least one year after the treatment. The analysis and the experience in surgery and treatment of non-unions as well as present literature were prepared for this review as a current concept. Results: If an atrophic non-union is suggested, reosteosynthesis and biological stimulation is required. A revision surgery of autologous transplantation of cancellous bone from the iliac crest is often enough. Alternatively, reamer-irrigator-aspirator (RIA) can be taken out of the femur with lower complications and pain in the extraction area and be combined with growth factors like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), if consolidation after cancellous bone is still absent. In complex cases, consequential and radical removal of the infection often improved circulation through interventional angiography and use of the two-step procedure (the Masquelet technique) as well as a tissue covering are required. Conclusions: By using the ‘diamond concept’ as a complex concept, non-unions can be treated in different stages in a targeted manner.