Economic and environmental evaluation of different operation alternatives to aquifer thermal energy storage in Tehran, Iran

Aquifers are underground porous formations containing water. Conned aquifers are surrounded by impermeable layers on top and bottom, called cap rocks and bed rocks. A conned aquifer with a very low groundwater ow velocity was considered to meet the annual cooling and heating energy requirements of a residential building complex in Tehran, Iran. Three different alternatives of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) were employed to meet the heating/cooling demands of the buildings. These alternatives were using ATES for: cooling alone, heating alone by coupling with at-plate solar collectors, and cooling and heating by coupling with a heat pump. For the economic evaluation of the alternatives, a life cycle cost analysis was employed. For the environmental evaluation, Ret Screen software was employed. For the considered 3 operational alternatives, using ATES for cooling alone had the minimum payback period time of 2.41 years and the life cycle cost of 16000 $. In the environmental perspective, among the 3 alternatives, coupling of ATES with heat pump for cooling and heating had the minimum CO2 generation, corresponding to 359 tons/year.