Numerical assessment of turbulence effects on forces, spray parameters, and secondary impact in wedge water entry problem using k – € method

The present paper focuses on the assessment of turbulence effects on the impact force, spray, and secondary impact force of the wedge water entry. For this purpose, a finite element-based finite volume method code coupled with volume of fluid has been developed. The k – E method has also been implemented to model the turbulence effects. The developed code is validated against experimental data with good accordance and is then used to model the water entry of wedges with deadrise angles ranging from 10 to 60 degrees at different velocities of 1 and 2 m/s with laminar and turbulent assumptions. Subsequently, the resulting forces and free surfaces are compared for three critical instances of "peak”, “hollow”, and “2nd impact”. It is illustrated that turbulence has negligible effects on the force and free surface in the main water entry process. However, turbulent effects rise up to 14.23% for the secondary impact forces.