Multi-objective sustainable supply chain with deteriorating products and transportation options under uncertain demand and backorder

Supply chain sustainability, with economic, environmental, and social values, has gained attention in both academia and industry. For deteriorating and seasonal products, like fresh produce, the issues of timely supply and disposal of the deteriorated products are of great concern. This paper is to develop a possibilistic mathematical model, solved after linearizing the non-linear statements, and to propose a new replenishment policy for a centralized Sustainable Supply Chain (SSC) for deteriorating items. Dierent transportation vehicle options, which produce various pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) levels, are considered. Several variables such as the end-customer demand, the partial backordered ratio, and the deterioration rate are uncertain. Deterioration occurs for in-stock inventories and during transportation. The solution provides the optimum transportation modes and routes, and the inventory policy by nding a balance between nancial, environmental, and social criteria.