Virulence Factor and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Enterococcal Isolates of the West of Iran

Background Enterococcus spp., a part of the normal flora of the human intestine, possess several virulence factors that can develop biofilms to endure harsh environments. Their ability to cause nosocomial infections makes them as critical opportunistic pathogens in hospital settings. Objectives The current study aimed at determining the occurrence of 6 genes coding virulence factors and their ability to develop biofilms, and conducting phenotypical assessments of haemolysin and gelatinase in clinical enterococci isolated from the West of Iran. Methods A total of 126 isolates were screened for harbouring the following genes: aggregation substance (asa1), cytolysin (cylABM), enterococcal surface protein (esp), and gelatinase (gelE). Isolates were tested for haemolysin and gelatinase expression phenotypically and for biofilm production quantitatively, using the microtiter method. Results Of the 126 tested isolates, 95 (73%) were Enterococcus faecalis and 28 (21%) were E. faecium. The total frequency of virulence gene was cylA 92 (73%), cylB 85 (67%), cylM 57 (45%), asa1 26 (21%), gelE 64 (51%), and esp 66 (53%); while 98 (75%) of the isolates were able to form biofilm. A total of 74 (58%) and 46 (35%) isolates could secret haemolysin and gelatinase. Conclusions There was a significant difference between the frequency of virulence gene in E. faecalis and E. faecium. Enterococcus faecium isolates lacked the gelE and asa1 genes and the frequency of cylABM genes were lower than that of E. faecalis isolates. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were relatively rich in virulence factors; no association was observed between biofilm formation and the presence of specific virulence genes.