Experimental research on adfreezing strengths at the interface between frozen fine sand and structures

To explore the mechanisms concerning adfreezing strengths at the interface between frozen ne sand and structures, a series of experiments were conducted using a direct shear apparatus. The main results are as follows: All adfreezing strengths increased with decreasing temperature and increasing normal stress and surface roughness. Peak adfreezing strength (peak shear stress at failure) had a linear relationship with temperature, its relationship with normal stress was in line with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, and its relationship with roughness satised a logarithmic function. Residual adfreezing strength (post-peak shear stress) varied with temperature and normal stress, and three typical regular patterns were presented: sustained stable, rst stable and then uctuating, and circularly uctuating. The uctuation cycle about strength curves increased with increasing roughness. An empirical formula on adfreezing strengths incorporating temperatures, normal stress, and roughness was constructed.