Author/Authors :
Thangadurai, Thambiraj Antony Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM) - Shanmugha Arts - Science - Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) - SASTRA University - Thanjavur - Tamilnadu , Sagayam, Chelladurai Savariraj Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM) - Shanmugha Arts - Science - Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) - SASTRA University - Thanjavur - Tamilnadu , Rajamanickam, Gnanarajamanickam Victor Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM) - Shanmugha Arts - Science - Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) - SASTRA University - Thanjavur - Tamilnadu , Prasad Dubey, Govinda Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM) - Shanmugha Arts - Science - Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA) - SASTRA University - Thanjavur - Tamilnadu
Abstract :
In India, a survey indicates the prevalence of 30 times increase in hypertension among urban dwellers,
compared with 10 times in rural inhabitants.1 Urbanization together with a change in life style, diet,
and job stress, has been attributed in causing hypertension. Stress can cause hypertension by elevating
the blood pressure (BP) and by stimulating the nervous system leading to the production of large
amounts of vasoconstrictor hormones. High BP due to stress includes white coat hypertension, job
strain, race, social environment, and emotional distress. BP is multiplied when more than one risk factor
are involved. Emotional stress-activated sympathetic nervous system increases circulating angiotensin
II, aldosterone, and vasopressin, which increase systemic vascular resistance. Prolonged elevation
of angiotensin II and catecholamines can lead to cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, both of
which can contribute to a sustained increased BP.2 Karasek Demand-Control model describes the relationship
between perceived job stress and coronary heart disease (CHD).3 Job strain, high job demands,
and low decision attitude increase the risk of CHD whereas Tien has demonstrated the other way.4
The present study consists of 72 workers of both genders working in a bank. The study measured
different metabolic risk factors and biochemical parameters. The job characteristics including job
strain, mental stress, medical history, and behavioral characteristics including smoking and alcohol
consumption habits were assessed by using a questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient and linear
regression model between the levels of BP, serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels and
the job stress were carried out using SPSS software version 12.0.
Among the demographic variables, age was negatively correlated with diastolic BP (r=217), but no
significant correlation was found. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly correlated with diastolic BP
(r=0.424), serum triglyceride (r=0.342), and blood glucose (r=0.234). Systolic BP was found markedly
correlated with job stress (r=0.192). Our results showed an increase in the systolic BP for middle aged
adults with high job stress, whereas others did not show significance correlation with job stress. Therefore,
it is concluded that job stress can alter the metabolic risk factors. Further, the relationship between
BMI and biological risk factors including serum triglyceride (r=0.391) remains significant. The
middle aged adults displayed positive relationship between serum glucose and triglyceride (r=0.347). It
directs that different life styles such as eating habits, smoking frequencies, and consumption of alcohol,
have distinct effects on biological factors. The statistical results revealed that there was a relationship
between the working condition and metabolic risk factors. The scatter plot suggests that there
was a significant direct correlation between the systolic BP (r=0.255) and higher job stress. BMI was
characteristically related to the working condition among male workers, but not females. Lack of relationship
between glucose and job stress and inverse relationship of total cholesterol and triglycerides,
direct an association between work duration and the hypertension that is observed to be a risk factor
of cardiovascular disease.
Metabolic syndrome, a concurrence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and central
obesity are strong risk factors in cardiovascular diseases.5 However, stress and work site environment
influence cardiovascular complaints. Work stress is typically associated with increased BP and job
characteristics. The present study does not concur the above risk factors for CHD for bank employees.
Instead, it gives emphasis to stress-induced response on BP during working hours. It projects that
high job strain is associated with a higher systolic BP. In the study of Kang and colleagues,6 job stress
has shown to be involved in elevated serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels, whereas in the other
study, acute psychological stress reduced plasma triglycerides and cholesterol.7
Earlier studies have presumed that the stress associated with aversive condition, decreases the
levels of circulating triglycerides, and increases lipoprotein lipase.8 However, the hypertension caused
by job stress may be attributed either to physical stress or emotional stress, while the group of bank
employees may not be expected to have physical stress and invariably exposed to emotional stress.
Hypertension is the function of metabolism and hormonal imbalance. The present study found no
rise in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels of those having hypertension. During stress, hypertension
is increased either by hormone release,9 or burning out of the carbohydrates. Generally,
chronic stress influences the cardiovascular complaints. Bank employees may not have such stress
and so the hormone imbalance must have triggered the hypertension. It is accepted that stress
Letter to the Editor
Effect of stress on coronary risk factors
Iran J Med Sci June 2010; Vol 35 No 2 163
elevates blood glucose levels and worsen glycemic control. However, research on psychological
stress is limited, so Wing reported only a temporal shift in the glucose level.10
It is concluded that CHD risk factors such as plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels are posing
less risk, whereas hypertension such as systolic BP increases during high job stress. Hence, the incidence
of CHD is more possible due to job stress associated hypertension.