Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with interferon-beta treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) may present with acute renal failure with or without cerebral dysfunction. Pathologically, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia lead to microvascular thrombosis occlusion and ischemia in the kidney and brain.1 It has been explained that there are different causes of TMA including drugs, toxins, pregnancy, infections, and autoimmunity.2 In the treatment of hepatitis C and induced TMA, interferon-beta (INF-P) and INF-a therapy have been reported, respectively