Reply to: Ibn Sina and Galen Were Right: The Heart Exhibits Right to Left Communication Between the Fibers of the Muscular Part of the Interventricular Septum

The structural anatomy of the heart has been a subject of debate in anatomical history as early as the Hippocratic era (460–370 B.C.).1,2 In traditional medicine, the heart is considered as the source of the vital spirit which originates particularly from the left ventricle and distributes to the organs through arteries.3 In contemporary medicine, the heart is associated with the pumping action of blood aiding the distribution of oxygenated blood. The structure of the heart together with the mechanism of blood circulation has evolved through history from the era of Hippocrates to William Harvey.2,4 Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) described a three chambered heart.1 The interpretation of Aristotle’s three chambered heart is confusing; some regard it as the presence of two ventricles and a common atrium while some interpret it as the presence of three ventricles namely right, left and middle (medial).