Disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guérin Infection in Immunodeficient Infants: Report of Two Cases

Introduction: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine, is administered to all the newborns in Tunisia in order to prevent Tuberculosis (TB). Complications of this vaccine are uncommon. However, it poses a risk for children with unknown immunodeficiency. Case Presentation: We report on disseminated BCG disease in two infants, respectively, with severe combined immunodeficiency and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Evolution was fatal for both, despite adequate anti-tuberculosis treatment. Conclusions: Molecular methods are available to respond to the urgent need for rapid and specific diagnosis of local/regional or systemic BCG disease, using available commercial kits GenoType® MTBC and GenoType® MTBDRplus. These tests allow prevention of inoculation of live vaccines such as BCG among the next siblings until appropriate screening tests exclude primary or secondary immunodeficiency syndromes.