Oral health status, salivary pH status, and Streptococcus mutans counts in dental plaques and saliva of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), accounting for 23% of all malignancies in children, is the most prevalent pediatric malignancy. This study compared dental caries, oral hygiene status, salivary pH, and Streptococcus mutans counts in dental plaques and saliva of children with leukemia with those of healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This case–control cross‑sectional study assessed 32 children with ALL and 32 healthy children (4–9‑year‑old) for gingival bleeding index (GBI), decayed, missing, and filled/decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMF/dmfs), and plaque index (PI). Sampling was performed to determine salivary pH and S. mutans counts of the participants. The two groups matched in terms of age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The groups were compared using independent t‑test, Mann–Whitney test, Chi‑square test, and Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlation analyses. Results: The mean DMF/dmfs and GBI were significantly higher in the ALL group (PDMF/dmfs = 0.03; PGBI = 0.04). However, the two groups were not significantly different in the mean PI values (P = 0.47). The mean S. mutans counts in dental plaques and saliva of the children with leukemia were significantly lower than the healthy controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, the mean salivary pH was significantly lower in the ALL group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Higher caries and gingival bleeding rates, higher dental plaque accumulation in children with ALL, decreased salivary pH, and cumulative effects of other risk factors highlight the significance of oral hygiene training programs (for the parents of these children) and regular dental examinations for these children.