Sublethal toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758) under visible light and dark conditions

The objective of this study was to determine the sublethal toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under visible light and dark conditions. Blood sampled was collected after 21 days and biochemical parameters, including glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were measured. The results showed that TiO2-NPs is caused a significant effect on blood biochemical parameters of C. carpio. By changing lighting conditions from darkness to light, significant differences were observed in certain blood biochemical parameters, including AST, ALT, LDH, ALP and CK activities, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in fish exposed to TiO2-NPs under light conditions as compared with fish exposed to TiO2-NPs under dark conditions. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels in fish exposed to 0.0 mg L-1 TiO2-NPs under darkness conditions were significantly higher than the control. The results revealed that toxicity of TiO2-NPs under visible light conditions was more than darkness conditions.