Simultaneous Neuroblastoma and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in an Infant

With improvements in treatment of childhood cancers, survival of children with different kinds of malignancies has dramatically increased. As a result, the oncologists are encountering increasing complications during the course of treatment. The development of second primary malignant neoplasms are predicted to be an overwhelming and serious consequence of childhood cancers.1 Secondary malignancies may be of any type, from benign, low-grade tumors to different kind of malignancies.2 Several studies have shown that secondary malignancies are one of the main causes of treatmentrelated complications in children who have underwent chemotherapy for their primary cancer or survivors of childhood cancers. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), retinoblastoma and Hodgkin lymphoma are among pediatric cancers that are well-known for development of secondary malignancies.3 However, reports of multiple concurrent primary neoplasms in children are uncommon.