Abstract :
periodontal disease (PD) is an immuno-inflammatory condition, which is induced by the bacterial
biofilm aggregates on external tooth surfaces. The
condition affects and destroys the gingival tissue, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone.1
Periodontopathogenic bacteria are the primary causative agents to destroy the supporting periodontal tissues directly through the action of their components,
particularly the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the cell
wall of gram-negative bacteria and in secreted molecules.2 Furthermore, in an indirect manner, the microorganisms can induce the host cells to express certain
genes and release mediators, resulting in the exacerbation of the inflammatory response.3 The severity of
PD is determined by the extent of tissue destruction
caused by the immune response mounted by the host,
probably influenced by environmental, acquired, or genetic risk factors.
