Author/Authors :
Bilong, Yannick Department of Ophthalmology - Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - The University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon , Domngang, Christelle Noche Department of Clinical Sciences - Faculty of Health Sciences - Universite des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon , Gimma Nwanlih, Gebding Department of Clinical Sciences - Faculty of Health Sciences - Universite des Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon , Katte, Jean-Claude Department of Public Health - Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - The University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon , Afetane, Ted Evina Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Okala, Cameroon , Kagmeni, Gilles Department of Ophthalmology - Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - The University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon , Mbanya, Jean Claude Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties - Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon , Kumar, Nilesh Department of Vitreoretina - Lotus Eye Hospital and Institute, Coimbatore, TN, India , Sharma, Ashish Department of Vitreoretina - Lotus Eye Hospital and Institute, Coimbatore, TN, India , Sobngwi, Eugene Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties - Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
Abstract :
We aimed to determine true and false positives of glaucoma screening, relying solely on photos of the retina, taken with
a smartphone. We performed a descriptive and analytical study on patients with type 2 diabetes at the National Obesity
Centre, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Participating patients had retinal photography sessions using an iPhone 5s (iOS 10.3.3;
Apple, Cupertino, CA) coupled to the Make in India Retinal Camera (MIIRetCam; MIIRetCam Inc., Coimbatore, TN, India).
Obtained pictures of the retina were stored and transferred via the internet to an ophthalmologist to assess glaucoma.
Selected patients were then invited to undergo a conventional ophthalmological examination to confirm the diagnosis. A
total of 395 patients were screened, 39 (including 20 women) were diagnosed with suspicion of glaucoma based on
retinal photos, a prevalence rate of 9.87%. The following signs were found; Cup/Disc ratio (C/D) ≥0.5 in 64.1% (25/39),
asymmetric C/D >0.2 in 35.9% (14/39), papillary haemorrhage in 10.2% (4/39) and retinal nerve fibre deficiency in 2.5%
(1/39). Only 14 of 39 patients with suspicion of glaucoma were examined, giving a lost-to-follow-up rate of 64.1%.
Chronic open-angle glaucoma was confirmed in 8 patients (true positives) and absent in 6 patients (false positives). The
prevalence of smartphone-detected glaucoma and lost-to-follow-up rates were high. So we need to improve this type of
screening, with additional tests like transpalpebral applanation tonometer and the smartphone Frequency Doubling
Technique visual field combined with better education of patients to increase their adherence to follow-up.
Keywords :
Smartphone , Glaucoma , Screening , Diabetes , Make in India Retinal Camera (MIIRetCam)
