Endurance time analysis of skewed slab-on-girder bridges: The signicance of the excitation angle

In this paper, the in fluence of the excitation angle on the Endurance Time (ET) analysis of skewed slab-on-girder bridges is studied. The excitation of the structure due to the critical angle produces maximum seismic responses that are sometimes significantly higher than the average. The modeled bridges are of slab-on-girder type that are typically used as highway bridges. The bridge models have skew angles of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees. The ET excitations exerted on structures cover a broad range of hazard levels. The results provide some insight with regard to choosing multiple excitation angles so as to balance computational costs and retain acceptable accuracy for practical design purposes. Sensitivity of Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) to skewness is also studied.