Centrifuge modelling of monopiles subjected to lateral loading

Monopiles are the most common foundation type used for fixed-bottom substructures in offshore wind installations. In an offshore environment, the predominant load is cyclic, which affects the stiffness and deformation properties of foundation systems, especially monopiles. To investigate the effect of cyclic loading on a short (rigid) steel monopile, a set of displacement-controlled g laboratory tests were designed. This paper presents the procedure and results of eight centrifuge tests investigating monopile behavifiour when subjected to lateral monotonic and cyclic loading. The general trend of monotonic response was in good agreement with the results of similar experimental studies; however, much softer behavifiour was observed than that of the equivalent Winkler model on API p-y curves. The cyclic tests focused on the stiffness and deformation properties of a soilpifile system under fatigue loading. Increases, decreases, or no changes in secant stiffness were observed depending on the regime of the applied cyclic displacements, which were in contradiction to the current design methodology in which only cyclic degradation was assumed. In fluence of load cycling on cyclic bending moments along the pile shaft was discussed and found to be of minor significance.