The evolving role of laparoscopic surgery in paediatric urology

Objectives: We review the various applications of laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopy in paediatric urology, as the laparoscopic and robotic approach in this population is gradually being recognised. Methods: We searched PubMed for human studies in English that were published between 1990 and the present, focusing on laparoscopic nephrectomies and partial nephrectomies, laparoscopic and robotic pyeloplasties and ureteric reimplantation, laparoscopic orchidopexy and varicocelectomy. We also reviewed robotic-assisted laparoscopic urological major reconstructions. Key articles were reviewed, extracting the indications, techniques, and the advantages and disadvantages. Results and conclusions: Laparoscopy has a defined place in modern paediatric urological surgery. Laparoscopic nephrectomies, pyeloplasties and abdominal exploration for the evaluation and management of impalpable undescended testicles have become the standard of care. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery is developing as a safe and effective option even for infant patients.