The management of staghorn calculi in children

Objectives: To review reports focusing on the surgical treatment of stag horn stones in children, as despite all the improvements in the surgical treatment of paediatric urolithiasis the management of staghorn calculi still represents a challeng ing problem in urology practice. Methods: To evaluate current knowledge about treating staghorn calculi in chil dren, we searched PubMed for relevant articles published between 1991 and 2011, using a combination of related keywords, i.e. staghorn stone, child, kidney calculi, surgical treatment, electrohydraulic shockwave therapy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and open surgery. Reports relating to the treatment of paediatric stone disease in general (open surgery, PCNL, ESWL) were also searched with the same method. Additional references were obtained from the reference list of full-text reports. Results: Although open surgery had been widely used in the past for treating such stones in children, currently it has only limited indications in highly selected patients. Current published data clearly indicate that, in experienced hands, both PCNL and ESWL are now effective methods for treating staghorn calculi in children. Conclusions: Due to advanced techniques and instrumentation, it is now possible to successfully treat staghorn calculi in children, with very limited safety concerns.