Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder: A review and a report of two further cases

Objectives: To review the published cases of leiomyosarcoma of the uri- nary bladder and to report two further cases. Methods: The databases Pubmed and Hinari were searched using the keywords ‘bladder’, ‘leiomyosarcoma’ and ‘smooth muscle neoplasm’. The 14 articles identi- fied were reviewed, and we present a further two cases. Results: Of more than 100 cases reported, 77 were reviewed. There is a lack of con- sensus about the standard treatment, and little is known about the natural history and prognosis of the tumour, due to its very low incidence. These tumours occur in older adults of either sex and are characterised by an aggressive behaviour. There is usually an unfavourable outcome, with the lungs being the most common site of metastasis. The two further cases we report had a different presentation and outcome. Conclusions: Because of the limited experience with this rare tumour, there are insufficient data to suggest the optimum management strategy and prognosis.