A Review on Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Services, Limitations and Impacts

Environmental issues and energy crises are responsible for the adoption of electrification of the transport sector. Therefore, electric vehicles are becoming popular and widely accepted. The electric vehicles perform certain important services but have their own impact on the power grid. This paper presents the review of a vehicle to grid services, limitations and their impact on different sectors of the power system. Also, detail review of the impact of coordinated and uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles on a distribution network is presented. Vehicle to grid technology allows bi-directional power flow by providing many other services such as active power support, reactive power compensation and support for renewable energy sources, load leveling and peak load shaving. However, with these services the technology also imposes many challenging issues, such as degradation of battery, high investment cost, and social barriers.