Tramadol abuse and its related factors among higher education students in the city of Damghan, Semnan Province, Iran

Tramadol is an opioid analgesic with the potential for addiction to other opioids, and one of the abused drugs in different countries including Iran. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors relating to tramadol abuse among higher education students in the city of Damghan in 2016. The present descriptiveanalytical study enrolled 730 students from seven higher education centers in Damghan. The samples were selected by simple random sampling, and researchermade questionnaires were issued to them, and collected immediately after completion. Data extracted were analyzed in STAT13 using Likelihood Ratio ChiSquare and 2 independent sample Ttest at P