Survey on environmental impact and circular economy aspects related to steel production in Europe

The iron and steel industry is the world s biggest manufacturing energy consuming industry with the largest share in the world s economy. In the iron and steel production over world, China takes the first place, and Japan and U.S. follow it. Turkey, with a 34.7 million tonnes production has a share of 2.1% of the total world production in 2016 [1]. In Europe there are declared targets of the European Community aimed to protect the environment and to improve its quality, to serve the protection of the human health and to guarantee a cautious and efficient use of the natural resources. In this framework, steel companies are becoming increasingly aware about the sustainability challenges, in order to satisfy such requirements and to increase their competitiveness through an adequate management of resource and energy. Steel production is in fact characterized by an energy intensive activity, since the largest part of the production process takes place at high temperatures. Besides, iron ore is converted in metallic iron by using carbon as reducing agent. As global warming due to CO_2 emissions, steel production is considered one of today’s main environmental problem and environmental impact of steel production mainly focus on reduction of energy use. This reduction of energy use is mainly achieved by important process measures, the reduction of material losses in the different production steps (also by looking at the use of steel slag as an opportunity to save natural resources) as well as of good housekeeping practices. Next to CO_2 large industrial steelworks also emit pollutant to be faced.