Developing Listening and Speaking via a Psycho-Socio-Cultural Learning Model Based on Non-Linear Dynamic Motivation

Psychologically, socially, and culturally diverse students come to class with dynamic language learning motivations. To address this dynamicity, a nonlinear dynamic model was proposed via bridging psycho-socio-cultural (PSC) learning theories to develop listening and speaking skills among EFL learners. This multifaceted model facilitates learning by highlighting motivational factors at the individual level, which nonlinearly and dynamically differ from one learner to another. To test its applicability, a mixed methods approach was conducted among a group of 132 upper intermediate EFL learners. The qualitative and quantitative findings of the study confirmed a significant relationship between nonlinear dynamic motivation and developing listening-speaking under the PSC model. The main pedagogical implication of the study is the need to address dynamicity and nonlinearity of motivation among second language learners at the individual level.