Title of article :
Psychometric Evaluation of Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Quality after a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Study
Author/Authors :
Ma, Hon-Ping Department of Emergency Medicine - Shuang Ho Hospital - Taipei Medical University - New Taipei City, Taiwan , Chen, Po-Shen Department of Emergency Medicine - Shuang Ho Hospital - Taipei Medical University - New Taipei City, Taiwan , Wong, Chung-Shun Department of Emergency Medicine - Shuang Ho Hospital - Taipei Medical University - New Taipei City, Taiwan , Chang, Cheng-Fu Department of Neurosurgery - Taipei City Hospital - Zhongxiao Branch, Taiwan , Ou, Ju-Chi Department of Emergency Medicine - Shuang Ho Hospital - Taipei Medical University - New Taipei City, Taiwan , Tsai, Yan-Rou Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine - College of Medical Science and Technology, Taiwan , Chiu, Wen-Ta Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration - Taipei Medical University, Taiwan , Tsai, Shin-Han Department of Emergency Medicine - Shuang Ho Hospital - Taipei Medical University - New Taipei City, Taiwan , Liao, Kuo-Hsing Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration - Taipei Medical University, Taiwan , Chiang, Yung-Hsiao Department of Surgery - College of Medicine - Taipei Medical University, Taiwan , Wang, Jia-Yi Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences - College of Medicine - Taipei Medical University, Taiwan , Chen, Kai-Yun Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine - College of Medical Science and Technology, Taiwan , Chung-Che Wu, John Department of Surgery - College of Medicine - Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
Abstract :
Introduction. Over 1 million mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) cases are reported annually worldwide and may result in cognitive,
physical, and emotional deterioration; depression; anxiety; and sleep problems. However, studies on long-term mTBI effects are
limited. This study included 440 patients, and regular follow-ups of psychological assessments were performed for 2 years. Four
questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Beck’s anxiety inventory
(BAI), and Beck’s depression inventory (BDI), were used to evaluate sleep problems, daytime sleepiness, anxiety, and depression,
respectively. Results show that BAI and BDI scores considerably improved at the 6th-week, 1st-year, and 2nd-year follow-ups
compared to baseline, yet these remained significantly different. In addition, anxiety and depression were prominent symptoms
in a select subgroup of patients with poor initial evaluations, which improved over the 2 years. However, the ESS and PSQI scores
fluctuated only mildly over the same time span. In conclusion, the mTBI patients showed a gradual improvement of anxiety and
depression over the 2 years following injury. While anxiety and depression levels for mTBI patients in general did not return to
premorbid status, improvements were observed. Sleep disorders persisted and were consistent with initial levels of distress.
Keywords :
Psychometric Evaluation , Anxiety , Depression , Sleep Quality , Traumatic , Brain Injury
