Development and Application of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging

The combination of the size-dependent properties of nanomaterials with the noninvasive characterisation in molecular imaging is a powerful combination that is being successfully applied across disciplines. In the past ten years, we have witnessed the development of, literally, hundreds of nanoparticle-based probes for molecular imaging. All major imaging techniques have been enhanced by the use of nanoparticles, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging. The use of iron oxide nanoparticles for T1-weighted and/or T2-weighted MRI, the design of radioisotope chelatorfree particles for PET, and new developments in fuorescent nanoparticles (carbon dots and upconverting nanoparticles) are important milestones in the feld. There are two key features in nanoparticle-based probes which are seldom found in traditional imaging probes: multimodality and multifunctionality. The use of, at least, two complementary imaging techniques (multimodality) like PET/MRI or MRI/Fluorescence and the possibility of incorporating several vectors on the surface and/or drugs (multifunctionality) expand the use of these probes. Furthermore, the properties of some nanoparticles can be used to create new imaging techniques, for example, the superparamagnetism of iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic particle imaging.