Author/Authors :
Tumwine, JK Makerere University - College of Health Sciences - Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Uganda , Vandemaele, K World Health Organization - Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, Switzerland , Chungong, S World Health Organization (WHO) - Department of Global Capacities Alert and Response, Switzerland , Richer, M U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) - Carter Center, Health Net International, Sudan , Anker, M University of Massachusetts - School of Public Health and Health Sciences, USA , Ayana, Y World Health Organization (WHO), Sudan , Opoka, ML World Health Organization - Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO), - Division of Communicable Disease Control (DCD), Disease Surveillance, Forecasting and Response, Egypt , Klaucke, DN , Quarello, A Clinica Medica University of Padova, Italy , Spencer, PS Oregon Health Science University - Global Health Center, Center for Research on Occupational Toxicology - Department of Neurology, USA
Abstract :
Background: Nodding syndrome (repetitive nodding and progressive generalized seizures) is assuming epidemic proportions in South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Objective: To describe clinical and epidemiological features of nodding syndrome in southern Sudan based on preliminary investigations conducted in 2001 and 2002. Method: Household surveys, clinical, electrophysiological (EEG) assessments, informant interviews and case-control studies were conducted in the town of Lui and the village of Amadi in southern Sudan. Results: Nodding syndrome is characterized by involuntary repetitive nodding of the head, progressing to generalized seizures; mental and physical deterioration. The EEGs were consistent with progressive epileptic encephalopathy. Prevalence of Nodding syndrome in Lui and Amadi was 2.3% and 6.7% respectively. All case control studies showed a positive association between cases and Onchocerca volvulus. A history of measles was negatively associated with being a case: 2/13 of cases and 11/19 of controls had had measles: odds ratio 0.13 (95% CI 0.02, 0.76). Environmental assessment did not reveal any naturally occurring or manmade neurotoxic factors to explain Nodding Syndrome, although fungal contamination of food could not be ruled out. Conclusion: Nodding Syndrome was strongly associated with Onchocerca volvulus. There was no evidence to suggest an environmental pollutant, chemical agent, or other toxic factor.
Keywords :
nodding , syndrome , South Sudan , clinical , epidemiology
