Abstract :
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among patients with chronic and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). [1],[2] There is growing evidence that cardiovascular damage begins as soon as the kidney loses function and increases in severity during the progression of kidney disease. [3],[4] Hypertension and diabetes mellitus, known risk factors for the development of CVD in the general population, are also the most common causes for the development of CVD in patients with chronic and ESRD. It is known that patients with type 2 diabetes who require dialysis are about 30 times more likely to die of CVD, [5] including heart attacks and strokes, than the general population.
