Mineral and trace elements, dietary sources, biological effects, deficiency, and toxicity: a review

Minerals are inorganic substances present in the tissues and fluids of our bodies. They are divided into macro minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, P, and S) and microminerals (I, Zn, Si, Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Mo, F, Cr, and B), which are important for health and should be consumed according to the needs of the organism. Essential minerals have well-characterized physiological functions within the body. The ability of the body to maintain the minerals content within a certain range despite varying intakes, involves the processes of absorption, storage, and excretion. Inappropriate intakes and/or elevated requirements result from a range of conditions, including disease, malabsorption, pregnancy, and excessive losses, lead to deficiency. A severe deficiency of an essential mineral can only be corrected by supplementation. This review provides some detailed information about dietary sources, biological effects, deficiency, and toxicity of minerals and trace elements.