Effect of temperature on energy consumption and recovery rate of the reverse osmosis brackish systems in a different arrangement

It has become a sustainable alternative solution to the concern of water scarcity in the current conditions of the industrial world. In this research, the effect of temperature and pH on efficiency, energy consumption, and outlet water quality from simple single-stage reverse osmosis systems, single-stage hybrid, simple two-stage, and two-stage hybrid are investigated by means of qPlus software. The results depicted that at all temperatures, the two-stage reverse osmosis system is more efficient in terms of efficiency, and the hybrid two-stage system has the best performance in terms of energy consumption. Also, the pH of the water entering the system has no effect on the efficiency and energy consumption of desalination plants. In terms of water quality, all four desalination plants have reduced the concentration of harmful ions to the desired level, but single-stage systems performed better than two-stage systems. In terms of corrosion index, two-stage systems performed better than single-stage systems. Also, the corrosion rate of water can be significantly reduced by increasing the temperature and adding sodium hydroxide. The results of this study can be utilized in the design of various desalination systems. Also, obtained results showed that by increasing the temperature, the operating pressure in the RO