The CVaR-based risk assessment of the electric vehicle’s intelligent parking lots with energy storage devices including equalizers and fuel cell

The close attention to the utilization of electric vehicles (EVs) causes the penetration of intelligent parking lots (IPL) to increase. Also, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategy next to the grid-to-vehicle (G2V) strategy improves the profitability of the IPLs. In addition to vehicle charge and discharge management, the IPLs can gain more profit by installing and accessing loads and resources. In this paper, the IPLs next to the hydrogen storage system (HSS) containing electrolysis, hydrogen, and fuel cell storage reservoirs are considered to serve the loads in the upstream grid that is modeled through a scenario approach based on stochastic optimization. The uncertainties in the electrical load, market price, the arrival and departure time of vehicle, primary state-of-charge (SOC), and desired car with appropriate SOC are modeled in the proposed method. According to the uncertainty of the proposed hydrogen storage-based intelligent parking lot values, the financial risks are investigated by the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) method to get the risk-neutral and risk-averse methods during the system function. The obtained results demonstrate that the uncertain parameters significantly impact smart parking operators’ profitability, so considering uncertainty is a critical issue for parking lots. Risk results also represent that the variation of financial risk in the higher deviation of uncertain parameters is more than risk variation in lower deviations.