Evaluation of the Association Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder in the Offspring and Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders in Parents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background and aim: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are types of mental disorders that affect the way the brain functions and alter neural development, causing problems in social, cognitive, and emotional functioning. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders-causing factors may be involved in NDs. The present study evaluated the association between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring and autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders in parents.Material and methods: All international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ISI, Web of Knowledge, and Embase) were searched from 2010 to May 2023 with keywords based on the objectives of the study. Data analysis using STATA/MP. v17 software was done in 95% confidence intervals.Results: Five cohort studies and five cross-sectional studies were selected. The odds ratio of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring between the experimental group (autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders in the parent) and control group (healthy parents) was (OR, 0.16 95% CI 0.10, 0.22; p lt;0.05) and (OR, 1.28 95% CI 0.91, 1.65; p lt;0.05), respectively. The odds ratio of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children whose mothers had type 1 diabetes was 1.28 (OR, 1.28 95% CI 0.91, 1.65; p lt;0.05). The odds ratio of autism spectrum disorder in children whose fathers had type 1 diabetes was 1.09 (OR, 1.09 95% CI 0.48, 1.70; p lt;0.05).Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present study, there is a positive and direct relationship between autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders in mothers and fathers with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.