Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Nanoparticles: An Exhaustive Survey of Recent Advances and Future Directions

Nanotechnology has advanced over the past 40 years and shows no signs of slowing down. With the development of functional and designed nanoparticles, nanotechnology has emerged as a prominent field in science. With the aid of nanoparticles, food products may have a much longer shelf life, hydrophobic drug distribution can be improved within cells, and the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as anticancer agents, can be increased. Nanoparticles (NPs) are materials with a size range of 1 to 100 nm. The key factors that determine the properties of nanoparticles (NPs) are their sizes and shapes. Because of their large surface area and nanoscale size, NPs have special physical and chemical properties. Hazardous reducing agents are commonly used to reduce metal ions into uncharged nanoparticles during their synthesis. Nonetheless, there have been several attempts in recent years to develop green technology that makes nanoparticles using natural resources rather than hazardous chemicals. Because biological approaches are simple, inexpensive, safe, clean, and extremely productive, they are employed in green synthesis to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs). These biosynthesized nanoparticles have a wide range of potential uses, including targeted drug delivery, DNA analysis and gene therapy, cancer treatment, biosensors, antibacterial agents, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this review article, we highlighted the different methods, synthesis, application, characterization and future prospects of nanoparticles to provide a reference for further studies.