The role of ACT and FOX genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients

Klebsiella pneumoniae as a main opportunistic pathogen is a common cause of health-care-associated bacterial infections, which has shown high levels of drug resistance specifically in hospitalized patients. These bacteria are well-known for their ability to produce biofilm. The increase in the emergence of multidrug-resistance bacterial strains among hospital isolates of K. pneumoniae has reduced the efficiency of the treatment of infections resulted from these bacteria. Beta-lactamase enzymes such as AmpC enzymes are one of the strategies of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae. In this way, this review has tried to discuss the advances and challenges of phenotypic diagnosis of AmpC enzymes and the identification of ACT and FOX genes among clinical isolates isolated from patients. Gram-negative bacteria with AmpC β-lactamases can resist to several antibiotics including cephalosporins, aminopenicillins, ureidopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, monobactams, and cephalosporins. The existence of beta-lactamase genes ACT and FOX is one of the effective reasons for drug resistance in hospital strains of K. pneumoniae. According to the results of this study, control infection and prevent the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, there is a need for careful management in drug administration and identification of resistant isolates.