The Comparison of Some Eco-Friendly and Conventional Methods of Extracting Common Kilka Oil in Terms of Quantity and Quality

Aim: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various extraction techniques, namely supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), ultrasound, and enzymatic methods, in comparison to the conventional wet reduction method, in terms of oil yield, quality attributes, and fatty acid composition in common kilka oil. Materials Methods: Mentioned methods were used to extract fish oil. Then, their quality oxidation, including PV, TBA, FFA, and CD, and fatty acid composition were evaluated. Findings: The study’s findings revealed that the SC-CO2 extraction method exhibited the most favorable outcome in terms of extraction yield, achieving a remarkable rate of 89.6%. The lowest oxidation indexes including PV (1.78 ± 0.19 mmol.kg-1), TBA (0.54 ± 0.03 mg MA.kg-1), FFA (35.49 ± 0.52 mg FFA.g TAG-1), and CD (7.61 ± 0.34 %) was found in oil extracted with SC-CO2 method. The fatty acid profile of oil extracted by SC-CO2 exhibited higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (29.81 ± 0.27) and lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) (27.64 ± 0.20) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (34.78 ± 0.67) than those obtained by the other extraction methods (p 0.05). The n-3/n-6, PUFA/SFA, and EPA + DHA/C16 ratios were higher for oil extracted by SC-CO2 than the other three methods. Conclusion: The common kilka oil, extracted through supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), can be regarded as an abundant source of crucial polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the n-3 series.