Recent application of nanomaterials-based magnetic solid phase micro-extraction for heavy metals food toxicity

Nanoparticle-based magnetic solid phase microextraction (MSPME) has advanced in heavy metal ion concentration and speciation in recent years. This comprehensive review covers the latest developments in this field and their application to complex food samples. The review begins with conventional MSPE methods’ challenges and constraints, then examines off-line and online MSPE formats. Later sections of the review examine solid phase extraction’s (SPE) use of magnetized inorganic nanomaterials. These include magnetic silica, alumina, titania, and layered double oxides. Magnetized carbonaceous nanomaterials, such as magnetic graphene and/or graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nitrides, also belong to this study. The study describes how magnetized organic polymers-non-imprinted and ion-imprinted improved SPE. Magnetized metal-organic frameworks (MOF), ionic liquids, and biosorbents are also covered briefly. Each section carefully examines nanomaterials’ selectivity, sorption capacity, mechanisms of sorption, and synthesis routes. Nanomaterials are becoming key sorbents for toxic heavy metal extraction from food samples. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), nano-imprinted polymers (NIPs), nano-based metal-organic frameworks (N-MOFs), and silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are leading preconcentration methods due to their high surface area, selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, and food contamination capture efficiency. The review emphasizes the importance of SPE and SPME, enhanced by nanomaterial sorbents and summarizes nanomaterial-infused solid phase extraction strategies and their impact on heavy metal extraction from food matrices. The review examines a variety of nanomaterials and their complex use to improve selectivity, extraction efficiency, and future research in this crucial area.