A Review on Different Electroanalytical Techniques used in the Development of Heavy Metal Ions Electrochemical Sensors

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of various electroanalytical techniques employed in the development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions. Heavy metal contamination poses significant environmental and health risks, necessitating the advancement of sensitive, selective, and rapid detection methods. The article systematically examines a range of electroanalytical approaches, including voltammetry, amperometry, and potentiometry, highlighting their principles, advantages, and limitations in the context of heavy metal ion sensing. Additionally, the review discusses innovative modifications and enhancements to traditional techniques, such as the use of nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers, and advanced electrode materials that improve sensor performance. By synthesizing recent research findings and technological advancements, this article aims to provide insights into the current state of heavy metal ion electrochemical sensors and to identify future directions for research and development in this critical area of environmental monitoring and public health.