Effect of propolis on gene expiration IL-1B in Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophilia

Aquaculture has become a significant source of income in areas facing declining natural fishery productivity. This work aimed to investigate the effect of Water Ethanol Extract propolis (WEEP) on peritoneal macrophages in vitro production of cytokines, including interleukin-1beta (IL-1?) in common carp, Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophilia. The results of hematological parameters revealed substantial alterations, particularly significant in the 2g/kg propolis group (T2), where red blood cells, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin exhibited changes, indicating potential advantages for fish health by intriguing immunomodulatory effects. The 2 g/kg propolis group (T2) increased WBC count, suggesting propolis s potential as an immunostimulant. Interleukin-1? (IL-1?) gene expression results showed a significant decrease in T2 compared to T3. This finding revealed the intricate relationship between propolis concentrations and the modulation of the immune response. The results showed the positive effect of propolis on as potential application as an immunostimulant in aquaculture.