Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Metal Oxides of ZnO, CuO, and CeO₂ Nanoparticles: A Review

Nanotechnology has achieved significant consideration over time. Nanoparticles are an essential factor of nanotechnology. The particle size of nanoparticles is between 1 and 100 nanometers which are fabricated of organic matter, metal, metal oxides, and carbon. Different methods are used for preparation of nanoparticles such as chemical, biological, and physical methods. The characterizations of nanoparticles show a comparatively greater area of surface vs. the volume, improved steadiness or reactivity and increased mechanical strength. Nanoparticles are innovative materials in science and technology and they have several applications in some fields such as agriculture, medical, electronic, chemical, and pharmaceutical. Nanotechnology is essentially a varied method in which materials are synthesized. Due to their unique properties such as magnetic, mechanical, and optoelectronic, the synthesis of nanomaterial is of high significance. In this review, three metal oxide nanoparticles were explained, including ZnO, CuO, and CeO2, which were prepared by chemical and green methods with various techniques for description of nanoparticles such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, diffraction of X-ray, microscopy of scanning electron, and microscopy of transmission electron with microscopy of atomic force.