Improvements in the Representation of PV Buses on Three-Phase Distribution Power Flow

This letter describes a new voltage controlled bus (PV bus) representation in connection with the three-phase current injection method–TCIM of power flow analysis. This representation requires an augmented system of linearized equations to incorporate the reactive power as a dependent variable. Tests and comparisons between the former and the new approach are described and the improved stiffness of this new proposition is demonstrated.