Stripe pattern breakup in evaporating liquid layer on a plane with horizontal temperature gradient

We demonstrated that a temperature gradient along the free surface of the evaporating liquid layer induces a transition of liquid motion from the stripe-like longitudinal rolls into ordered convection cells. Experimental observations showed that the breakup of the stripe-like convection occurred at a pair of Marangoni numbers based on the two temperature gradients in the horizontal and vertical directions. We also demonstrated that silica particles accumulated by the convections showed ordered monolayer or randomly-distributed multilayers, which result from the transition of the liquid motion.