Renewable energy for passive house heating: Model of the active solar heating system

The large windows on the south-oriented façade of a passive house strongly contribute to building space heating. These windows constitute the passive solar heating system. This paper studies the active heating system of a passive house, which includes the following sub-systems: (1) solar thermal collectors, (2) a water storage tank, (3) a secondary water circuit, (4) a domestic hot water preparation system and (5) an air ventilation and heating system. Models for all sub-systems are presented. The integrated model was implemented to Pirmasens Passive House (Rhineland Palatinate, Germany). The active solar heating system provides a smaller amount of heat than the heat provided by the passive solar heating system. Almost all the solar energy collected is not used for space heating but to domestic hot water (DHW) preparation. However, there is still a need for the classical water heater to operate all over the year. Almost all space heating thermal load is covered by using the classical air heater that operates mainly during the nights from November to April. The solar fraction lies between 0.180 in February and 0.679 in October, with a yearly average of 0.446. The study reveals that on a yearly basis it is more advantageous to use vertical south-oriented solar collectors instead of roof placed collectors.