An improved generalized particle algorithm that includes boundaries and interfaces

This paper presents an improved generalized particle algorithm (GPA), as well as new boundary and interface algorithms for particle interaction with >nite elements and other particles (of di?erent materials). The improved GPA uses a local co-ordinate system that is aligned with the boundaries and=or interfaces for the determination of the strain rates and forces. This enables the boundary and interface algorithms to be applied in a straightforward manner. It also provides an invariant solution that is independent of the orientation of the global co-ordinate system. Several examples are presented to illustrate the e?ects of the various algorithms