Curved quadratic triangular degenerated- and solid-shell elements for geometric non-linear analysis

Compared to the large number of curved quadrilateral degenerated- and solid-shell elements, there are only a very few curved triangular degenerated- and solid-shell elements. Based on the assumed natural strain sampling scheme previously developed for a quadratic degenerated-shell element for linear analysis, this paper devises geometric non-linear six-node degenerated-shell and twelve-node solid-shell elements. Both elements can be curved and are only equipped with the standard nodal d.o.f.s. Careful consideration has been exercised to circumvent various locking phenomena that plague degenerated- and solid-shell elements. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate their e cacy