A new rigid-viscoplastic model for simulating thermal strain effects in metal-forming processes

A new rigid-viscoplastic model that includes the e ect of thermal strains when modelling steady-state metal-forming processes was developed. A symmetric approximation to the resulting non-symmetric sti - ness matrix was derived. The thermo-mechanical ow formulation was implemented using the pseudoconcentrations technique. The new formulation was numerically tested showing that it provides reliable results.