Practical batteries based on the SWING system

In order to find a wide range of applications using a new cell chemistry, many different factors such as cell voltage, energy density, power density, safety, reliability, life, cost and environmental impact have to be considered. The lithium-ion or SWING system demonstrated a specific energy of more than 100 Wh/kg in small cells and more than 80 Wh/kg in large cells with an approximately 100 Wh energy centent, and a cycle life of more than 1000 cycles in cells with LiCoO2 cathodes. When a manganese oxide-based cathode was used it has furthermore the potential to become a low cost system without the use of heavy metals.