In situ X-ray diffraction studies of a graphite-based Li-ion battery negative electrode

Lithium-graphite intercalation compounds were synthesised in an electrochemical cell by the application of a series of current pulses, during which non-equilibrium distributions of intercalation phases were created in the graphite. The phase formation and subsequent interconversion were studied by a combination of chronopotentiometry and in situ X-ray diffraction.