The effect of multivalent cation dopants on lithium manganese spinel cathodes

The cycling stability of 4 V LixMn2O4 electrodes in lithium, flooded electrolyte glass cells has been improved by the addition of multivalent cation dopants (Mg2+, Zn2+ and Al3+). Optimal dopant levels to achieve maximum capacity and the greatest stability with repeated cycling have been determined. The effect of doping the oxygen-rich spinel Li2Mn4O9, was also determined and shown to make no significant improvement in the life cycle stability in the 3 V region.