Secondary aqueous lithium-ion batteries with spinel anodes and cathodes

Secondary aqueous lithium-ion batteries with spinel Li2Mn4O9 or Li4Mn5O12 as the anode and LiMn2O4 as the cathode are investigated. The aqueous electrolyte contains 6 M LiNO3 and 0.0015 M OH−. The Li2Mn4O9/LiNO3/LiMn2O4 and Li4Mn5O12/LiNO3/LiMn2O4 aqueous cells deliver approximately 100 m Ah g−1 capacity at an average voltage of 1–1.1 V. This aqueous lithium-ion system eliminates safety concerns and offers considerably cost-effective technology for manufacturing.